High sensitivity

Among the mountain ranges affected, the glaciers on Mount Gongga are good examples of monsoonal temperate glaciers.

Liu Qiao, a researcher at the Chinese Academy of Sciences' Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, said temperate glaciers are highly sensitive to climate change.

Long-term observations by Liu, who began his glaciology research when he was a master's student in 2002, confirm the accelerating retreat of the Hailuogou Glacier on Mount Gongga.

During their fieldwork, researchers discovered that the glacier has undergone significant changes.

"The entire area of the glacier, including the ice tongue, has experienced apparent thinning, narrowing and retreat. The glacier's valley is now filled with fragmented ice, indicating substantial shrinkage," Liu said.

Known for its 1,080-meter-high icefall, the glacier has experienced remarkable thinning and slowdown, resulting in the detachment of its lower debris-covered ice tongue from the icefall since 2013. Once the two sections of ice are detached, the lower ice tongue will become a separate regenerated glacier, Liu said.

"The disconnection of the Hailuogou Glacier may be irreversible," he said.

Icefall refers to a portion of certain glaciers characterized by relatively rapid flow and a chaotic crevassed surface, caused in part by gravity.

From 1966 to 2009, the Hailuogou Glacier retreated at an average rate of 25-30 meters annually. However, from 2016 to last year, it retreated by more than 50 meters per year. Liu said this rapid shrinkage surpasses the retreat rate of typical continental glaciers in China.

Previously, snowfall replenished the glaciers, but the present shift toward increased rainfall at high altitudes is insufficient for the ice mass to accumulate, he said.

Climate records indicate a consistent warming trend in Sichuan since 1961.The province's average annual temperature last year rose to 15.9 C, surpassing the previous record held since 1961 by 0.7 C, the Sichuan Meteorological Service said.

Last year, the average annual precipitation in Sichuan was 12 percent below the long-term average.

"This decrease in precipitation, together with the rise in temperature, has caused the altitude of the glacier equilibrium line to rise," Liu said.

The equilibrium line is roughly equivalent to the snow line, and frequently varies over short distances from year to year on a specific glacier.

Glacier mass balance refers to the balance between ice gain and loss from the glacier system. Above the equilibrium line, the gain surpasses the loss, while below the line, the opposite situation pertains.

In the Mount Gongga area, the equilibrium line has reached altitudes of 5,200 to 5,300 meters, while in the 1990s, the line stood at about 4,800 meters, Liu said.

Collapsing and destabilizing not only occurred on glacier ice itself, but also on the surrounding terrain, Liu said.

When a glacier is thinning, the slopes on both sides of its valley are exposed and become unstable.

Disconnected trail

Several years ago at Lao Guanjingtai in Hailuogou, tourists could trek down moraine slopes, but now significant glacial retreat and failure of these slopes have resulted in the trail to the glacier becoming disconnected from the forest, Liu said.

Meanwhile, the retreat of glaciers has caused significant changes to the water flow of rivers, giving rise to various disasters, Liu said.

When flooding occurs, moraine materials consisting of unstable glacial deposits combine with water, resulting in the flow of glacial debris that can cause severe destruction. Infrastructure along riverbanks, including roads and bridges, is particularly susceptible to such damage, Liu added.

In addition, the flooding can cause significant damage to hydroelectric power stations.

Recent observations suggest that Mount Gongga and other peaks may be experiencing a decrease in their heights due to melting glaciers and an associated reduction in glacial mass.

Liu said that while the possibility of peaks experiencing such a reduction due to glacial melting cannot be ruled out entirely, the current evidence does not provide definitive proof.

"The ongoing process of glacial melting, and the subsequent decrease in glacial ice mass, can potentially contribute to a reduction in the altitude of mountain peaks. But without direct ground measurements, the notion that declining snow cover is the primary cause of such decreasing altitudes remains to be ascertained," Liu said.

"There is no data about changes to ice and snow thickness at mountain summits," he added.

To the contrary, some theories suggest that as glaciers experience loss of mass, the pressure on their underlying crust is reduced, causing the heights of mountain summits to rise, he said.