Empowering women through targeted investments can strengthen the climate resilience of African countries and promote their economic and social development

The 2024 Summit of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation, held last week in Beijing, reaffirmed the deepening ties between China and Africa. This year's discussions highlighted a growing commitment to sustainable development. China's investment in Africa, if steered in a gender-responsive manner, could significantly address the gender equality challenges in Africa, empower African women and contribute to the continent's inclusive economic growth.

Since its inception in 2000, the FOCAC has evolved into a mechanism to address a broad spectrum of issues in China-Africa relations. While gender issues were initially overshadowed by broader development goals, the focus on women's empowerment has gradually gained prominence.

The first FOCAC in 2000 did not specifically address gender issues. It emphasized poverty reduction and development, which benefited women. In 2006, China committed to improving maternal and child health in Africa, highlighting the vital role of women in ensuring family and societal well-being. It was not until the 2018 FOCAC Beijing summit that gender equality became a more explicit priority. The 2018 Beijing Action Plan was a pivotal moment, introducing commitments to improve women's access to finance, promote women's entrepreneurship and enhance women's participation in agriculture and education. The 2021 summit prioritized gender equality and women's empowerment, emphasizing the need for greater inclusion and participation of women in economic and social development.

The growing emphasis on gender issues within the FOCAC framework reflects China's increasing awareness that addressing gender disparities is integral to achieving sustainable development in Africa, as well as a growing recognition of the critical role that women play in economic development, social progress and climate resilience.

African women are central to the continent's economic development, contributing significantly to agriculture, entrepreneurship and leadership in local communities. Women account for more than half of Africa's agricultural workforce, and many are involved in small and medium-sized enterprises, which are critical to economic growth. Women's leadership and participation in various sectors can transform economies, improve food security, and create resilient communities.

However, African women continue to face systemic challenges, including limited access to financial services, education and healthcare. Cultural barriers and gender discrimination often prevent women from fully participating in decision-making processes. Addressing these challenges is critical to realizing the full potential of African women and ensuring that they play a leading role in the continent's sustainable development.

Thus, efforts to empower African women are crucial, not only to enhance their personal and economic well-being, but also to ensure that Africa can leverage its full demographic potential. Gender equality is thus not just a social imperative but an economic one, which China's investment in Africa can help address.

Gender-responsive investment is a growing trend in global finance, focusing on ensuring that women benefit from economic development and that investments do not perpetuate existing inequalities. China's investment in Africa is beginning to reflect this trend, particularly in sectors such as infrastructure and agriculture. However, the integration of gender considerations into these investments has been limited. While some initiatives, such as those aimed at women in agriculture and healthcare, show progress, there is a need for more systematic and targeted gender-responsive investments.

Gender bonds, which focus on financing initiatives that promote women's empowerment and reduce gender inequalities, offer a promising avenue. While relatively new, gender bonds have seen notable issuances in several African countries. For instance, the NMB Bank Jasiri Bond in Tanzania, issued in 2022, was one of the first gender bonds issued in the region. This bond raised 75 billion Tanzanian shillings ($32 million) to provide loans to women-owned micro, small and medium-sized enterprises, with the aim of advancing gender equality and enhancing women's economic participation. Another example is the Development Bank of Rwanda, which issued a 30 billion Rwandan franc ($24 million) bond in 2023, aiming to increase loans to women-led businesses to 30 percent of its SME loans by 2028. Efforts like these are helping to mobilize more capital for gender-focused initiatives, with the potential to bridge gender gaps in financial inclusion while offering both financial returns and social impacts.

China, while still in the early stages of incorporating gender bonds into its financial framework, has the potential to lead by example in promoting gender equality through its financial partnerships with Africa and leverage its existing investment infrastructure to create more inclusive financing tools.

The opportunities for gender-responsive investment in Africa are vast. Empowering women through targeted investments can spur job creation, enhance productivity, and lead to more resilient communities. Women are often the driving force behind SMEs and supporting them can unlock new avenues for economic growth, particularly in rural areas. Additionally, investing in women's education and vocational training has a multiplier effect, as educated women are more likely to invest in their families' well-being, contributing to poverty reduction and improved health outcomes.

However, challenges remain. Cultural norms and gender biases in many African societies continue to limit women's access to resources and opportunities. In many African countries, women struggle to obtain land rights, access credit, and participate in decision-making processes. These challenges require not only financial investment but also policy reforms and social change initiatives that can reshape the environment in which women operate.

Moreover, there is a need for better data collection and analysis to assess the gender impact of investments. Without accurate data, measuring the success of gender-responsive projects and making necessary adjustments is difficult.

To address these challenges, women, particularly those in vulnerable communities, must be allowed to actively participate in decision-making processes, ensuring that their voices are heard and their needs are prioritized.

For example, climate financing projects could be designed to ensure that women in rural areas have access to clean energy, water resources and sustainable agricultural technologies, all of which are crucial for resilience in the face of climate change.

Gender-responsive financing also means investing in women-led initiatives, particularly in sectors such as renewable energy, agriculture and education. By prioritizing women's leadership and entrepreneurship, China cannot only support gender equality, but also contribute to building more sustainable and equitable economic systems.

As China continues to deepen its engagement with Africa, it has a unique opportunity to lead the way in gender-responsive investment. By placing women at a higher position in its investment strategy, China can help unlock Africa's full economic potential and ensure that African women are not only beneficiaries of development but active drivers of change. China can work together with African governments, local organizations and global partners, to drive inclusive growth and social progress across the continent.

Wang Yao is director-general of the International Institute of Green Finance at the Central University of Finance and Economics. Shi Lin is a senior researcher at the institute. The authors contributed this article to China Watch, a think tank powered by China Daily. The views do not necessarily reflect those of China Daily. 

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