"AI is like a student and our data annotations are akin to lessons for AI. If we feed accurate information to it, AI can quickly become an expert on mural paintings. This requires that we provide as much accurate data as possible to lead us closer to the original, true colors," Xu says.

For traditional mural conservators, AI has shortened the long and dedicated duplicating period from months to hours.

"Mural restoration and conservation is traditionally done through copying and reproduction. It takes at least 10 years to train a professional mural restorer. Consider the restoration of a main deity as an example — it would take at least a few months working day and night. This can be a cruel test of endurance and patience," Xi says.

Last month, an exhibition to showcase the latest digital restoration results was launched at Yongle Palace, unveiling a virtual docent named Yu Yao whose image is that of a jade maiden beside the Queen Mother of the West, or Xiwangmu, a powerful goddess in Chinese mythology. She can answer questions and interact with visitors.

Xi is happy to see how digital technologies allow the public to access historical knowledge and engage with narratives that were once confined to textbooks and museums and help transform the preservation of cultural heritage.

"We always talk about cultural confidence. How do we build it? We must be able to see the real masterpieces. Advances in technology enable that," he adds.

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